ᎪᎦ

?ᎪᎦ

Scientific classification

ᎴᎬᎾᎻ:	gantlaiia
ᏆᎢᎳᎻ:	Chordata
ᏗᎦᎪᏗ:	Aves
ᎣᎸᏙ:	Passeriformes
ᏥᏓᎾᎷ:	Corvidae
ᎨᏄᏍ:	Corvus Linnaeus, 1758

Species

See text.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Corvus. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ passerine ᏥᏍᏆ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ(ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ offshore ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Hawai‘i) ᎤᎭ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ 40 ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

ᎪᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Corvus ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗd ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ Asia ᎠᎴ radiated ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, Africa, Europe, ᎠᎴ Australia.

ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏴᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ evidence ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ Australasian ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ (Corvidae) ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏜᏴᎦ, ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎬᎿᎨ Corvus ᎪᎦ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ Australasia ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asia. Corvus ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ re-ᎤᏴᎸᎩ Australia (ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏬᏱ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ jackdaw(Eurasian ᎠᎴ Daurian) ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ Holarctic ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓtᎤᏅ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ Ethiopia.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ koga ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ.

ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗEdit

ᎪᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ, Maruyama Okyo（丸山応挙）(1733-1795)

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᏙᎠ. ᏂᎦᎥᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ geographical ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ/Collared/ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎪᎦ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Australian/Melanesian ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

ᎯᎠ Neogene lyudetiyvda ᎪᏪᎸ ᎪᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ. Jackdaw-, ᎪᎦ- ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ existed ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎦ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ hunted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ lyudetiyvda, ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ taxa. ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-documented.

ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏒ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏌᏊ lyudetiyvda Caribbean ᎪᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ lyudetiyvda ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ.

ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩEdit

Australian ᎠᎴ Melanesian ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ

Australian ᎪᎳᏅ C. coronoides
ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎪᎳᏅ C. tasmanicus
- ᏗᎦᎴᏅᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ C. (t.) boreus
ᎤᏍᏗ koga C. bennetti
ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ C. mellori
Torresian ᎪᎦ C. orru
ᎢᏤ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎪᎦ C. moneduloides
ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatunv ᎪᎦ C. validus
ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatunv ᎪᎦ C. woodfordi
Bougainville ᎪᎦ C. meeki
ᏬᏗᎨ-ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎦ C. fuscicapillus
ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎪᎦ C. tristis
ᎢᏤ Ireland ᎪᎦ, Corvus sp. (lyudetiyvda)

ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ

Chatham ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎪᎳᏅ, C. moriorum (lyudetiyvda)
ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎪᎳᏅ, C. antipodum (lyudetiyvda)

ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Asian ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ

ᎦᎸᏙᎵ-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatunv ᎪᎦ C. enca
Piping ᎪᎦ C. typicus
Banggai ᎪᎦ C. unicolor (ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ)
Flores ᎪᎦ C. florensis
Collared ᎪᎦ C. torquatus
Daurian Jackdaw C. dauricus
ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎪᎦ C. splendens
ᎡᏆ-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatunv ᎪᎦ C. macrorhynchos
- ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎪᎦ C. (m.) levaillantii

ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ African ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ

ᏬᏗᎨ-ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᎪᎳᏅ C. ruficollis
ᎠᏔᏃᏲ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎪᎳᏅ C. rhipidurus
Jackdaw C. monedula
ᎠᏓᎩᎡᏗ C. frugilegus
ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎦ C. cornix
- Mesopotamian ᎪᎦ, C. (c.) capellanus
ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎪᎦ C. corone
Corvus larteti (lyudetiyvda, ᎣᏂᏱᏳ Miocene France)
Corvus antecorax (lyudetiyvda, ᎢᎬᏱ - ᎣᏂᏱᏳ Pleistocene Europe; ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ subspecies Corvus corax
Corvus betfianus (lyudetiyvda)
Corvus praecorax (lyudetiyvda)
Corvus simionescui (lyudetiyvda)
Corvus pliocaenus (lyudetiyvda)
Corvus fossilis (lyudetiyvda)
Corvus moravicus (lyudetiyvda)
?Corvus hungaricus (lyudetiyvda)

Holarctic ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ

ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎳᏅ C. corax
- ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ, C. c. varius morpha leucophaeus (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ variant)

ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ

ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎪᎦ C. brachyrhynchos
Chihuahuan ᎪᎳᏅ C. cryptoleucus
ᎠᏣᏗ koga C. ossifragus
ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎪᎦ C. caurinus
Tamaulipas ᎪᎦ C. imparatus
Sinaloan ᎪᎦ C. sinaloae
Jamaican ᎪᎦ C. jamaicensis
ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᎪᎦ C. leucognaphalus
Hispaniolan ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎪᎦ C. palmarum
Cuban ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎪᎦ C. minutus
Cuban ᎪᎦ C. nasicus
Puerto Rican ᎪᎦ C. pumilis (lyudetiyvda; ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ subspecies C. nasicus/palmarum)
Corvus galushai (lyudetiyvda, ᎡᏆ ᏃᏯᎭ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ Miocene Wickieup, USA)
Corvus neomexicanus (lyudetiyvda)

ᎤᎦᎾᏭ African ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ

ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎪᎦ C. capensis
ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎪᎦ C. albus
Somali ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ C. edithae
ᎤᎭᎨᏛ-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatunv ᎪᎳᏅ C. crassirostris
ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᎪᎳᏅ C. albicollis

ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ

Mariana ᎪᎦ, C. kubaryi
Hawaiian ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ‘Alala C. hawaiiensis (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ, ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ C. tropicus)
ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatunv koga, C. impluviatus (lyudetiyvda)
ᎤᏓᎵᏂᎩᏛ ᎪᎦ, C. viriosus (lyudetiyvda)

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ chronosubspecies ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ featured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ.

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ koga, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏳᎨᏂᎠᎴ ᏜᏴᎦ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Corvidae.

ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢEdit

ᏓᏯᏂEdit

koga ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎠᎴ vocalisations. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎦ' ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᏓᏯᏂ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ; ᎪᎯ behaviour ᎨᏒᎢ presumably ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ varies ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎪᎦ' vocalisations ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ vocalisations Ꮎ ᎪᎦ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ", ᎤᏠᏱᎭ echoed ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ "ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏌᏊᎭ, ᏛᏎᎯᎯ atsinuqowisgv ᏗᏎᏍᏗ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏧᎳ), ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏓᏳᏨᏓ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ "eh-aw" ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ vocalisations ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎤᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎦ). ᎪᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎩ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ frequencies ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ vocalisations.

ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒEdit

ᎪᎦ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ punctured wastebag

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎦ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ avian IQ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ[1]. ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎪᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ Ꭴ.. (ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ Corvus brachyrhynchos ᎠᎴ Corvus caurinus) ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ capabilities ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ, hierarchic societies involving ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ "ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ", ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎪᎦ, ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ intensively ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ--ᎢᎦ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎨᏯᏔᎯ hooded crows ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Israel ᎤᎭ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ-ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ. ᎪᎦ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ midair ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ-"ᏥᏔᎦ" ᎪᏢᏗ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ.

ᎪᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ use traffic to crack nuts ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

Color ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯEdit

ᎤᏤᎵᏛ-ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ color ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎦ societies
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ koga ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᎿᎨ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ, ᎯᎠ raptorᎠᎴ "falconiformes", ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᎤᏓᎭᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᏔᏅ. ᎪᎦ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ maneuvering ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎿᎨ color ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎭᎷᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎿᎨ coloring ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ societies. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎠᎭᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎦ; ᎪᎳᏅᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎿᏛᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ambushes ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎦ. ᎪᎦ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎥᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎪᎳᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ.^{[citation needed]}

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏔᏬᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎢᎦ predators ᎪᎦ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ predators, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎫ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᎦ ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᎬᏩᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎩᎸ. Presumably ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ color ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ nighttime ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ. ᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᏅ ᎤᎫᎫ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏔᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᎦ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ "ᏗᏁᎶᏗ" ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᏬᏗ, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ "ᏛᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᏳᏊ" ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏓᏘᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ raptor ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎫᎫ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ.

Intra-ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ color ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎦ societies
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᎿᎨ, ᏌᏊ ᏫᎵ ᏙᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ albinism, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ:

ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ-ᎬᎿᎨ ᎪᎦ stunningly ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ-ᎤᏁᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ.
ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ (ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ darker ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ)
ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ (ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ).
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, forcing ᎠᏂ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ behaviors, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ behaviors ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ, ᎤᎭ ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ.

ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯEdit

ᎪᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎳᏅ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏚᏙᎪᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ, unnerving ᏓᏯᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᎿᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ depiction ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏲᎢᏏᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ᎠᎴ Exorcist: The Beginning, ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏃᏛ. ᎪᎯ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏴᏫ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎪᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏠᎾᏍᏗ ᏩᏯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏩᏓᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏳᏊ) ᎠᎴ portrayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ koga ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ featuring ᎪᎦ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Gilgamesh, ᎯᎠ Chaldean ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Utnapishtim ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏬᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏃᏩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Gilgamesh, ᎯᎠ ᏬᏯ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏛᏁ Utnapishtim ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳᏅ, ᎦᎪ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ. Utnapishtim extrapolates ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ hasn't ᎢᎦᎷᎦ. ᎪᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎪᎦ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎪᎦ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎪᎦ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ afterlife, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ (ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ) ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ mythologies ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ koga ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎪᎳᏅ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏉ ᎠᎴ ) ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᎨᎵᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ, ᎠᎴ b) ᎾᎾᎢ cemeteries, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ) ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏠᎨᏏ.^{[citation needed]}

ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ Neopagan, ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ psychic ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ associating ᎯᎠ colour ᎬᎿᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ" ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ akasha), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎯᎠ "colour" ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ psychic ᏅᏏᎾᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ electromagnetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ frequencies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ Ꮭ colour.

ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ goddesses ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ identified ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅEdit

ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏚᎷᎳ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ eponymous ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳᏅ Hugin ᎠᎴ Munin, ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ Norse ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ Celtic goddesses ᎯᎠ Mórrígan ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Badb (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Mórrígan), ᎠᎴ Shani, Hindu ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᏜᏪᏤᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎦ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ Athena, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏔᎳᏬᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎿᎨ

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇEdit

Corvidae
ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ
Ischys ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎯᎠ koga ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ.
ᎠᎩᏍᏗ boiled ᎪᎦ

ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢEdit

ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, B. J. (2003): Osteometry ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎪᎳᏅ (Aves: Corvidae: Corvus). ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Palaeontology 1: 43-58. Template:DOI (HTML ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ)

ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ, Trevor H. & Holdaway, Richard N. (2002): ᎯᎠ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎯᎠ Moa: lyudetiyvda ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏤ Zealand. Indiana ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, Bloomington. ISBN 0-253-34034-9.

ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛEdit

Frequently Asked Questions About Crows
crows.net: The Language & Culture of Crows
In the Company of Crows and Ravens, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ M. Marzluff ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ Angell
Crow photographs and comments
Video of crow making and using tools
More info on tool use by crows, with references
Crow videos ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ
Crow Busters, ᎾᎿ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ koga

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